Gel

A gel is a solid or semi-stable machine of at least two parts, which include a condensed mass enclosing and interpenetrated by means of liquid. Combination of solid and liquid consisting of a way product will hold the go with the flow semi-solid in nature regarded a gel. ^[1]

Hydrogels

Hydrogels are the 3-Dimentional, hydrophilic, polymeric network capable of imbibing the large amount of water or biological fluid.

Hydrogels also possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue due to their significant water content.

When the continuous phase is aqueous media, the gel is called as hydrogel.

Two types of hydrogels: 1. Natural hydrogel 2. Synthetic hydrogel.

Organogel ^[4]

Organogel is a non-crystalline, non-glassy thermoplastic strong cloth composed of liquid natural segment trapped in a three-D pass-related network.

The solubility and the particle measurement of the structure isn't important characteristics for the elastic properties and firmness of the organogel.

Organogel have the potential for use in a number of software such as in prescribed drugs, cosmetics, art conservation and food.

Examples: natural solvent, mineral oil, vegetable oil.

Mechanism of action

Gels depends on their specific composition and application. In general, gels work by trapping the liquid component within their three-dimensional network, providing stability and unique physical properties. Some mechanisms involved in gel formation and action include:

Physical cross-linking: This mechanism involves the entanglement of polymer chains or the formation of weak physical bonds between particles, leading to the creation of a gel network. Physical cross-linking can occur through processes such as cooling, solvent evaporation, or pH change.

Chemical cross-linking: Chemical cross-linking involves the formation of covalent bonds between polymer chains or particles, leading to a more stable gel structure. Chemical cross-linking can be achieved through the use of cross-linking agents, heat, or radiation.^[5]

Swelling and diffusion: Gels can absorb and retain large amounts of liquid due to their porous structure. The gel network allows for the diffusion of molecules or ions through the gel matrix, which can be utilized for controlled release applications or for providing a barrier or protective effect.

Advantages of gel^[6]

Gels are used to achieve optimal cutaneous and percutaneous drug delivery.

Gels are not deactivated by the liver enzymes because the liver bypass.

Gels are non-invasive and have patient compliance. ^[7]

Disadvantages of gel^[6]

Gels have possibilities of allergic reaction.

Gels which are used for the introduction into body cavity or eyes should be sterilized.^[8]

They may cause the skin allergy during the application.

Aim

Formulation and evaluation of antibacterial gel containing Pongamia pinnata.

Objective

To determine effect of herbal constituent against S. aureus and E. coli.

To determine the preparation and formulation of anti- microbial gel.

To demonstrate anti-microbial activity of herbal gel.

Biological source

Biological source of karanj is Pongamia pinnata Linn Pierre belonging to the family (Fabaceae) Leguminosae.

Phytochemical constituents

There are various chemical constituents isolated from the plant P. pinnata. Flavonoid and its derivatives are the most common constituents for isolation. The derivatives of flavonoids are flavones, flavans and chalcones. Sesquiterpene, diterpene, triterpenes, steroids, amino acids, disaccharides, fatty acids and ester compounds are also detected in this plant. Flavones are the most common constituents extracted from P. pinnata. The flavone class of compounds is distributed in all parts of this plant. Karanjin is considered the first compound to be extracted from this plant. ^[14] Karanjin is a major chemical constituent of P. pinnata. In the current studies, explored the anti-ulcerative property of karanjin, a furano-flavoid isolated from the seeds of karanj. ^[15]

Karanjin is known as the main active principle in Karanj, which is effective against large number of insects.

Traditional uses ^[16]

The leafy foods are utilized in people solutions for stomach growths in India, the seeds for keloid cancers in Sri Lanka and a powder got from the plant for growths in Vietnam 23. In Sanskritic India, seeds were utilized for skin diseases. Today, the oil is utilized as a liniment for stiffness.

Leaves are dynamic against Micrococcus; their juice is utilized for cold, hacks, the runs, dyspepsia, tooting, gonorrhea and uncleanliness.

Pulls are utilized for cleaning gums, teeth and ulcers.

Bark is utilized inside for draining heaps. They are likewise utilized for beriberi.

Juices from the plant as well as the oil are clean. It is supposed to be a superb solution for tingle, herpes and pityriasis versicolor. ^[1]

Powdered seeds are esteemed as a febrifuge, tonic and in bronchitis and beating hack.

Blossoms are utilized for diabetes.

Juice of the root is utilized for purging foul ulcers and shutting fistulous injuries.

Youthful shoots have been suggested for ailment.

Ayurvedic medication depicted the root and bark as alexipharmic, anthelmintic and helpful in stomach amplification, ascites, biliousness, sicknesses of the eye, skin and vagina, tingle, heaps, splenomegaly, growths, ulcers and wounds; the fledglings, considered alexiteric, anthelmintic, aperitif and stomachic, for irritation, heaps and skin sicknesses; the leaves, anthelmintic, stomach related and diuretic, for irritations, heaps and wounds; the blossoms for biliousness and diabetes; the leafy foods for keratitis, heaps, urinary releases and infections of the cerebrum, eye, head and skin, the oil for biliousness, eye illnesses, tingle, leukoderma, ailment, skin sicknesses, worms and wounds. ^[17]

Unani framework utilizes the debris to reinforce the teeth, the seed, carminative and depurative, for chest objections, ongoing fevers, ear infection, hydrocele and lumbago; the oil is utilized as fuel for cooking and lamps. ^[18]

Pharmacological activity ^[19], ^[5]

Anti-Plasmodial activity

Anti-Inflammatory activity

Anti-diarrhoeal Activity

Antioxidant and Anti-hyperammonemic Activity

Anti-ulcer Activity

Anti-hyperglycaemic and Anti-lipidperoxidative Activity

Anti-lice Activity

Neuroprotective Activity

Anti-viral activity

Plan of work

Literature Survey

Sample collection

Preparation/Formulation

Evaluation Tests:

Physical examination

PH determination

Homogeneity

Skin Irritation

Viscosity

Materials

Karanja oil, carbopol934p, triethanolamine, propyl paraben, methyl paraben, propylene glycol, water.

Methods

Polymer (carbopol934p) and purified water were taken in a beaker and allowed to soak for 24hrs. Take a required quantity of methyl paraben and propyl paraben in sufficient quantity of water which where dissolved by heating on water bath. The solution then cooled and propylene glycol were added. Further, the karanja oil was added to the mixture. The above mixture were added in a soaked carbopol934p and dissolved those mixtures properly until the homogenous gel was formed. Drop wise triethanolamine were added to the formulation for adjust the pH of the gel for the skin(6.8-7).

The gel formulation of karanja oil were prepared by using different concentration of extract (karanja oil).

Evaluation of herbal gel ^[18]

Anti- microbial testing of herbal gel

The antimicrobial exercises of various not entirely set in stone by altered agar well dissemination strategy. Culture of Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli at 37 o C in 10 ml Mueller Hinton stock was utilized. The way of life were acclimated to roughly 105 CFU/ml with clean saline arrangement. ^[9]

In this technique, supplement agar plates were cultivated with 0.2 ml for 24 hr stock culture of E. coli and S.aureus. The agar plates were permitted to harden. A clean 8 mm drill was utilized to cut wells of equidistance in each plate 0.5 ml of detailing hatched at 37 degree Celsius for 24 hr in a hatchery. ^[20]

Agar dispersion procedure was applied to concentrate on the antibacterial impact of the recently referenced separates. Last convergence of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, half of the sound leaf gel in Mueller agar were acquired for each concentrate independently. Mueller Hinton agar plates were cleaned with a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus arranged as referenced before, utilizing sterile q-tip. Plugs were eliminated from every agar plate creating openings.

To each opening 1gm of gel weakened in 10L refined water from various centralization of each concentrate was added and permitted to diffuse at room temperature for 20 min, the plates were then brooded vigorously for the time being at 37^oC. ^[21]

The antibacterial action was assessed by estimating zone of restraint.